In a disc brake, the brake pads are housed in a caliper bolted to the frame.
The front brake caliper is attached to the left fork blade and the rear brake usually to the left chainstay, but occasionally to the left seatstay or between the two. They house brake pads that act on a rotor attached to the wheel’s hub, pressing against this to slow the bike.
The brake caliper is either mounted on posts protruding from the bike’s frame (usually found on mountain bikes). This standard is referred to as post-mount.
Flat-mount is an evolution of this and sees the caliper bolted to a designated flat surface on the frame (the default system now used on road bikes, gravel bikes and some cross-country mountain bikes).
Disc brake pads are typically made from an organic, sintered or semi-metallic compound, each with its own advantages and disadvantages depending on the type of riding you’re doing.
Disc brake rotors
The disc brake rotor is usually made of steel and sized between 140mm and 203mm in diameter, with larger rotors used where stronger braking is needed, such as on downhill mountain bikes.
The rotor may be connected to the wheel hub with either six bolts or using Shimano’s Centerlock system, where a lockring screws onto threads in the hub.
Centerlock is seen on the majority of road bike wheels. The lockring is usually threaded on its inside face and tightened with a cassette lockring tool.
You can also buy externally flanged lockrings, which tighten with a bottom bracket cup tool. Some wheels need an externally flanged lockring because the axle is too wide for a tool to fit on an internal flange.One potential issue with disc brakes is that the rotor can get quite hot when in use. This can lower braking efficiency and also cause the rotor to warp.
Brake manufacturers try to get around this in a few ways; first, rotors and pads may include cooling fins to help lower their operating temperature. It’s the method used by Shimano in its road and mountain bike rotors.
Second, rather than being made in one piece, the rotor may be ‘floating’. This is where the braking surface is riveted to a carrier spider that bolts to the wheel hub. When it heats up, a floating rotor should expand more evenly than a solid rotor and so is less likely to distort. The float also helps even out pressure between the pads acting on the two sides of the rotor.
Finally, rotors may be made of a sandwich of steel with an aluminium core, which again helps with heat dissipation and also reduces weight.
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